Complementary Medicines - A Perplexing Pharmaceutical Product Essay

There is no place for the supply of vitamins or complimentary medicines in pharmacy. Most complementary medicines lack clinical trials that conclusively prove their efficacy. For pharmacists, considered as drug therapy experts within the community, their supply from a pharmacy presents a serious ethical dilemma, as it is would be unwise to recommend an unproven treatment. It has been reported that this is further compounded by a lack of clear information on the status of the body of evidence for the support of specific complementary medicines. However, there is evidence to suggest that not only can complementary medicines work, but also that the use of complementary medicines is on the increase. This essay aims to review some of the reasons for the use of consumer demand for complementary medicine. Once this has been established, the ethics of the supply of complementary medicines will be examined in detail, concluding with a remark regarding the appropriateness of their supply by a pharmacist within a pharmacy. Within this essay, the term ‘complementary ’ medicines will be intended to include â€Å"herbal medicines, traditional medicines, vitamins and minerals, nutritional supplements, homeopathic medicines and aromatherapy products† as defined by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (REF:TGA). Complementary medicine use has become wide spread, and by all accounts, consumer demand is increasing further. A 2004 representative population survey conducted within Australia revealed that 52% of Australians had used a complementary medicine within the last twelve months (REF:6). (REF:2) reports that consumers reasons for accessing complementary medicines are several and varied, and includes those without ready access to conv... ...quire proof of efficacy and therefore their efficacy has not been established. The belief held by about half of the Australian public that the government tests complementary medicines for efficacy is incorrect. This creates a problem for health care professionals because a risk-benefit profile can not be established, and so consequently they are unable to recommend an unproven complementary medicine. Lack of efficacy also creates ethical challenges for their supply as the community perceives pharmacists as evidence-based experts on drug therapy, but for the majority of complementary medicines this evidence does not exist. Therefore, it can only be concluded that there is no place for the supply of complementary medicines in pharmacy. (REF:5) summaries this position well, â€Å"when proof of efficacy is lacking, any risk, no matter how remote, is too much to bear†.

Melting Point Lab OC

The bob]active of the Melting Point Lab was to learn the technique of melting point determination. Also, to discover the identity of an unknown compound from using the mixed melting point method. Introduction: The range of temperatures between the temperature at which the first crystal Just stats to melt and the temperature at which the last crystal disappears Is known as a melting point. There are two many reasons that melting points provided us. The first purpose is to regulate the purity off substance.And the second purpose is to determine the identity off material. Melting points are frequently used to establish f the correct compound has been acquired. When performed correctly, the precision of any melting point should be +ICC when related to the literature values; allowing for variations In the PM due to experimental error. A mixed compound can also be supported. A mixed melting point is one were a compound is mixed with additional substance and the PM determined. If the sample s melt at the same time, resulting that the samples are identical.However, if the samples are not the same, the mixture will melt below the +30 C allowed error range and over a wider range (greater than 30 C). This Is the technique that Is used o determine the unknown compound in this laboratory While performing this lab, there are two principle sources of experimental error in determining melting points. Thermometer error is one, and this is a source of error one cannot control. As a result, this is not usually worried about. Human error is the other error than can happen.Human error Is mostly mechanical error that is direct result of how one does things. An error specific to the Melting Point Lab Is the packing of the capillary tube. If too much solid Is placed In the tube, It will take a very long time to melt, resulting in higher temperatures recorded. Leading one to â€Å"false range†, as a result lead one to the incorrect conclusion about the melting point and purity. T he second source of mechanical error that can be seen in this laboratory is rate heating. If too much heat Is applied, the mercury rises quickly, again giving a false range.Set the Mel-Temp to heat up to a temperature below the melting points of both compounds and to heat up at what ever interval works best for the experiment (60 degrees C) and an interval of 10 degrees a minute was recommended) D. Once the Mel-Temp has reached the temperature you set place the tube containing the vanilla in the middle slot of the machine E. Record the temperature at the first sight of liquid and again when the compound is completely melted F. Repeat the same procedure for the aspirin and the 50:50 mix Ill.Procedure of Part Two A. Obtain an unknown substance (substance B) B. Pack a capillary tube with the unknown substance and place it in the Mel-Temp machine. Following the same procedure as you did with the vanilla, aspirin, and 50:50 mix; recording the temperature at the first appearance of liquid and once the compound has completely melted C. Once the melting point has been found (114 degrees C), refer to the chart provided in the lab manual to see what the possibilities or the unknown compound are (Actinide or Fluorine) D.Choose one of the possible compounds to repeat the experiment with the chosen compound and a 50:50 mix of the known and unknown (Fluorine) E. If the melting point of all three tubes is the same you chose the correct compound, if the melting point was significantly lower it was the other compound that was listed as an option Results and Conclusion: The substance we obtained was Unknown B. After packing a melting point tube with Unknown B, we determined the melting point by placing the capillary tube in the Mel-Temp. Unknown Bi's melting point was 114 C.From the list of possible unknown compounds, we looked at the initial melting point, which was 114 C and choose to mix it with Fluorine, whose melting point was also 114 C. After performing a 50:50 mixture o f the unknown and known compounds, we were able to define that unknown B was Actinide. We were able to establish this because after mixing the unknown and the known, the melting point was lower, 98 C. Since the melting point was lower, we were able to conclude that two compounds were mixed; as a result unknown B was Actinide.

Vulnerability of the Mentally Ill - 1264 Words

Vulnerability of the Mentally Ill Eva Morris American Sentinel University Vulnerability of the Mentally Ill Evaluation and treatment of the mentally ill population has developed from confinement of the mad during colonial times, into the biomedical balancing of neurological impairment seen in these modern times. There were eras of mental health reform, medicalization, and deinstitutionalization sandwiched in between (Nies amp; McEwen, 2011). Regardless of the stage of understanding and development, communities have not been completely successful in dealing with and treating persons who are mentally unwell. Fortunately, treatment has become more compassionate; social and professional attitudes have morphed into more humanistic and†¦show more content†¦The piece of this health reform act related to mental health stipulates that there be state laws mandating or regulating mental health benefits (NCSL, 2012). This author has found no literature that indicates the effectiveness of the PPACA. Perhaps it is too early to determine the success or failure of the PPACA. At the state level, the Department of Health and Hospitals of the State of Louisiana (DHH) is the primary policy maker and provisionary for mental health care. The DHH sponsors a highly effective Office of Behavioral Health, which supports mental health programs and treatment facilities for Louisiana residents with mental disabilities. The programs provide crisis intervention, psychosocial rehabilitation, and family support services, as well as 3 inpatient treatment facilities. Healthy People 2020 Objectives The Healthy People 2020 initiative is a government-sponsored program designed to use science-based, 10-year national objectives to improve the health of all Americans. 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